Grammar reference
193
Grammar reference
must
Positive
I ⁄ You ⁄ He ⁄ She ⁄ It ⁄ We ⁄ You ⁄ They
must
put plastic cups in the recycling bin.
Negative
I ⁄ You ⁄ He ⁄ She ⁄ It ⁄ We ⁄ You ⁄ They
mustn’t
use a mobile phone in the canteen.
We use
must
+ verb to talk about rules and personal obligation:
You
must
be quiet in the library.
We use
mustn’t
+ verb to say that something is prohibited:
We
mustn’t
use our mobile phones at school.
have to
Positive
Negative
Questions
Short answers
I
You
We
They
have to
go.
I
You
We
They
don’t have to
go.
Do
I
you
we
they
have to
go?
Yes,
I / you /
we / they
do.
he / she / it
does.
He
She
It
has to
He
She
It
doesn’t have to
Does
he
she
it
No,
I / you /
we / they
don’t.
he / she / it
doesn’t.
We use
have
to
+ verb to talk about an obligation from someone else:
I
have
to
see
the dentist
.
We use
don’t
have
to
+ verb when there is no obligation:
We
don’t
have
to
go to school tomorrow
.
Zero conditional
We use zero conditional when the result of the condition is always true, like a scientific fact.
We use the present simple tense in both clauses of the sentence.
If you
heat
water to 100
o
C, it
boils
.
Gerund
We use the
-ing
form of the verbs:
•
After some verbs
like
enjoy, like, love, hate, keep, start, stop, try:
enjoy run
ning
, like playing, love exercis
ing
, hate flying, keep working, stop chasing, try eating healthy food
•
After some adjectives with prepositions
like
bad at, good at, tired of, worried about:
bad at swimming, good at keeping diets, tired of jumping, worried about exercising
•
After prepositions
like
after, before, instead of, without:
after eating, before doing yoga, instead of watching TV, without stopping.
Past continuous
Positive
Negative
Questions
Short answers
I
He
She
It
was
work
ing
writ
ing
chat
ting
I
He
She
It
was not
wasn't
working
writing
chatting
Was
I
he
she
it
working?
writing?
chatting?
Yes,
I / he / she / it
was.
we / you / they
were.
We
You
They
were
We
You
They
were not
weren't
Were
we
you
they
No,
I / he / she / it
wasn't.
we / you / they
weren't.
We use the past continuous to talk about actions that were in progress at a particular time in the past.
The form is
was
/
were
+ verb +
-ing
:
At one o’clock I
was
having
lunch
.
I
wasn’t playing
computer games.
Were
they
watching
TV yesterday at ten o'clock?
Yes,
they
were
.
Unit 6
Unit 6
Unit 6
Unit 6
Unit 7